March 2025, Issue 3 (849)

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SPIS TREŚCI

 

Sławomir Samek, Jacek Jemielity
Activity of CIGRE and CIGRE Poland. CIGRE Session 2024

Mariusz Mazur
Power generation and electromechanical energy conversion
– Study Committee A1

Maciej Lechman
Power transformers and reactors – Study Committee A2

Krzysztof Lenarczyk
Insulated cables – Study Committee B1

Paweł Kubek
Overhead Lines – Study Committee B2

Marcin Jakóbik
Substations and electrical installations – Study Committee B3

Michał Kosmecki
DC systems and power electronics – Study Committee B4

Piotr Rzepka
Protection and automation – Study Committee B5

Wojciech Lubicki, Maksymilian Przygrodzki
Power System Development & Economics – Study Committee C1

Michał Izdebski
Power system operation and control – Study Committee C2

Marta Sacha
Power system sustainability and environmental performance – Study Committee C3

Maksymilian Przygrodzki
Power System Technical Performance – Study Committee C4

Jan Smoter
Active distribution systems and distributed energy resources – Study Committee C6

Marcin Szewczyk
Materials and Emerging Test Techniques – Study Committee D1

 

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STRESZCZENIA 

 

Sławomir Samek, Jacek Jemielity
Activity of CIGRE and CIGRE Poland. CIGRE Session 2024
The article contains basic informations on the International Association CIGRE. Closer look is given to organizational structure and the most important aims of its activity to show the fundamental values brought by belonging to CIGRE and making use of the exceptional range of issues under consideration as well as of a great number of the Organization’s achievements. The Association named PKWSE (Polish Committee for Large Electric Systems) is the Polish National Committee of CIGRE and as CIGRE Poland offers its members direct access to local events, services and support. Discussed is here the course of the first, after the total closure of direct contacts because of pandemia, CIGRE Plenary Session which was held in a hybrid way enabling gradual return to the traditional form of meetings and discussions with a simultaneous maintaining the possibility, for persons from areas being under increased rigours concerning free movement, to take part in all events by electronic means of communication. The Session took place in Paris from August 25 to 30, 2024. There were registered about 4500 delegates from which 42, as full members, were from Poland. The Session was accompanied by a technical exhibition where 303 companies (from which 3 from Poland) presented their products and services. In this article presented are also basic aspects connected with the current Polish activity in CIGRE works as well as the Polish accents during the 2024 Session including papers prepared by the members of PKWSE and the ones elaborated with the participation of Polish co-authors but submitted by some other National Committees. Described are also benefits resulting from belonging to CIGRE and the way in which those willing can apply for membership in this organisation.

 

Mariusz Mazur
Power generation and electromechanical energy conversion – Study Committee A1
The article presents papers of the A1 committee, during the Paris CIGRE session. The papers were formally divided into three groups of preferred subjects PS, although, according to the author, the division was quite fuzzy. The papers tried to follow the current situation in the energy sector related to the Energy Transition. There was a lot of interest in Synchronous Condensers SC which are optimal solutions for control of the voltage and reactive power, ensure short circuit power and inertia in the power systems of the future. The paper presenting the possibilities of a modern nuclear unit is very interesting. Several papers present modern solutions for hydrogenerators, including variable speed motor generators. Worth recommending is a paper describing the experience of the Italian DSO in the field of flywheel cooperating with SC maintenance, is especially worth recommending. The author presented all 29 papers presented at the session, trying to present the resulting conclusions and their content.

 

Maciej Lechman
Power transformers and reactors – Study Committee A2
Presented is an overview of topics submitted to the 50th CIGRE Session in Paris on power transformers and reactors. The author discussed selected papers, one from each topic. Transformers are one of the key elements of an electric power system. Issues related to their construction and application in conditions of changing reality are invariably a source of technical knowledge for their users. At the same time, changes in transformer measurements and the use of new materials are observed.

 

Krzysztof Lenarczyk
Insulated cables – Study Committee B1
Study Committee B1 covers the design, construction and operation of land and submarine power cables AC and DC, accessories and cable lines. This includes: theory, design, technological development, performance and application of materialsmanufacturing, testing, installation, maintenance, condition monitoring, diagnostics. During the B1 Study Committee Session – Cable lines discussed were papers dedicated (85) to land and submarine cables AC and DC. Where the dominant theme were design, manufacturing, installation techniques, testing after installation, maintenance, monitoring, condition assessment, diagnostic testing, fault location and new construction cable (superconducting).

 

Paweł Kubek
Overhead Lines – Study Committee B2
Study Committee B2 covers issues related to the design and operation of overhead lines. The article discusses issues related to the construction of hybrid AC and DC overhead lines from the point of view of permissible values of electromagnetic field intensity and noise level, based on the experience of the Italian TSO. It also describes the issues of diagnostics of overhead power lines using magnetic methods, using the example of the activities of the RTE operator. The article shows the experience of the Austrian operator in the field of installing a system for monitoring the level of ice on overhead power conductors.

 

Marcin Jakóbik
Substations and electrical installations – Study Committee B3
Presented are issues prepared in the form of papers and discussed during Technical Session of the Study Committee B3 Substations and electrical installations placing emphasis on current tendencies that significantly shape now, and will shape in the coming future, development directions in this field. Special attention is paid to aspects connected with energy transition and, to be exact, its influence on substations technical solutions and operational problems. As a consequence, given are many informations concerning changes in the attitude to designing, construction and operation of distribution substations and equipment in which gases alternative to SF6 were used. Worth noting is also adaptation of substations to requirements created by new types of receivers like big data storage and processing centers, hydrogen production or new sources of electricity generation including small modular reactors (SMR). The  actual pace of changes needs effective preparation of the, adapted to current demands, network solutions standards that is reflected in this article.

 

Michał Kosmecki
DC systems and power electronics – Study Committee B4
The record number in the history of Plenary Sessions of Study Committee B4 of ninety nine accepted papers made the Paris Session in 2024 an interesting and diverse event, as well as allowed for a comprehensive discussion on current problems and challenges related to the operation of converter devices in power systems. The most visible were such topics as: design and operation of multiterminal DC transmission systems and DC grids, modularity and standardization in the field of HVDC systems for offshore wind energy applications and operation mode of converter devices referred to as grid-forming. Particularly interesting are those publications which describe innovations in the design of classic thyristor-based HVDC systems increasing their robustness during disturbances, as well as papers on identifying the causes of failures and eliminating their effects. Constantly interesting and increasingly relevant are papers on completed and planned refurbishments and on FACTS devices.

 

Piotr Rzepka
Protection and automation – Study Committee B5
Discussed are the most important issues and selected papers presented within the framework of the Protection and automation – Study Committee B5. Intensity of the discussion concerning centralized, ritualized and widespread systems of protection, automation and control indicates a substantial development trend in which a crucial role is played by the more and more common IEC 61850 standard.

 

Wojciech Lubicki, Maksymilian Przygrodzki
Power System Development & Economics – Study Committee C1
In the bibliography of this article there are listed all 71 papers prepared for the CIGRE session that took place in 2024. They are grouped into three main topics: 1 – Steering the energy transition: cooperation, achieving top-down targets through bottom-up investment decisions system; 2 – Flexibility as pivotal criterion for system development; 3 – Resilience as pivotal criterion for system development. A considerable number of papers had several or even more than a dozen authors, often from varius countries or continents, even inside various branches of the same international corporation. In such cases the given paper was assigned to the first author’s country. Altogether there were identified 265 authors of papers from which 102 came from Europe, 87 from Asia and more than 30 persons from every of two Americas. As to the number of papers here also Europe and Asia are dominating – 29 and 24 papers respectively. The scope of CIGRE Committee C1 activities comprise all challenges referring to planning of a power system development and its economics together with an asset management. All over the world the power system is confronted with a change of the existing paradigm of its functioning because it stopped to be the system only to generate and transmit electric energy from producers to consumers. There appears a holistic approach together with additional linkages with other, so far autonomous power systems – gas, heat, electromobility etc. There creates itself a new, energy oriented meaning of such terms like electricity, resilience or integration of energy produced/stored by prosumers.

 

Michał Izdebski
Power system operation and control – Study Committee C2
Papers discussed below have been prepared for the CIGRE 2024 session as part of the Study Committee C2 System Operation and Control. Presented papers and discussions took place during the session focused on issues concerning creating operational resilience to extreme/unpredictable events as well as changes on power system operation and control considering the energy transition.

 

Marta Sacha
Power system sustainability and environmental performance – Study Committee C3
The scope of the Study Committee C3 activity covers identification, evaluation and management of interactions between natural and social environment and a dynamically developing power system. The works of the Committee focus, among others, on analysis of the energy infrastructure impact on environment and society, preparation and evaluation of technical solutions minimizing these impacts as well as identifiaction of tools supporting the sustainable development of the power sector. Summarized are here publications that were accepted in the area of the three preferred topics to which the last year session of the CIGRE Committee C3 in Paris was dedicated: PS1 – Public acceptance and stakeholder engagement in power system generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure, PS2 – Climate change and impact on power system, holistic approach, PS3 – Sustainability starting for the supply chain.

 

Maksymilian Przygrodzki
Power System Technical Performance – Study Committee C4
Study Committee C4 CIGRE is responsible for advanced methods and tools for analysis wholly connected with power systems with particular reference to dynamic and transient conditions and to the interaction between the power system and its component devices/sub-systems. The scope of SC C4 covers power system technical performance phenomena that range from nanoseconds to many hours. In the area of interest there are the following issues: power system dynamics, power quality, electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/EMI), lightnings and insulation co-ordination. An inherent part of all Committee C4 activities is testing and development of new tools, models, methods and evaluation techniques as well as analysis of important issues. Special attention is paid to identification of power system needs, scarcities, technical and design requirements, and new power system phenomena caused or accelerated by the energy transition. These issues became the subject of 83 publications presented at the CIGRE conference in Paris, 2024, and also of some other forms of communication like GDM (Group Discussion Meeting), poster sessions or dedicated seminars and in-person meetings.

 

Jan Smoter
Active distribution systems and distributed energy resources – Study Committee C6
This Committee deals with problems concerning development and operation of LV and MV power networks. The regulatory capabilities of active elements, which support the power network through coordinated operation, are taken into account. These active elements include distributed energy resources (DER), battery energy storage systems (BESS) and electric vehicles (EV). Also, residential consumers are considered to be the active objects that can be used to shape the daily demand profile (DSR). Another area of interest of the SC C6 is the electrification of rural areas, autonomously operating microgrids and the development of management systems ensuring effective integration of DER, as well as DC medium (MVDC) and low (LVDC) voltage grids. This article presents the topics of 78 papers submitted to three preferential subjects within the scope of SC C6.

 

Marcin Szewczyk
Materials and Emerging Test Techniques – Study Committee D1
The article provides an overview of selected papers from among 65 works presented during the Paris CIGRE 2024 Session under Study Committee D1: Materials and Emerging Test Techniques. The topics of the papers focused on three leading areas: 1. Testing, monitoring and diagnostics; 2. Materials for electrotechnical purposes and modelling; 3. Materials to enable the energy transition. Study Committee D1 promotes international collaboration in the field of materials and diagnostic techniques for power equipment, contributing to the development of new technologies and products and creating a foundation for formulating recommendations regarding the design, production, and operation of such equipment.