April 2025, Issue 4 (850)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

BULLETIN OF PPTE2050

Grzegorz Popczyk
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR POLAND AND THE WORLD
Energy transition to electroprosumerism

Marcin Fice, Danuta Komenda
Carbon footprint of urban bus fleet modernization to battery electric and hydrogen vehicles

Krzysztof Bodzek, Arkadiusz Domoracki, Przemysław Papiernik, Jesica Ponichtera, Paweł Styra, Błażej Brudny, Aleksander Jaros
Distributed control system based on Siemens S7-1200 controller and Eaton DE1 frequency converter

Andrzej Jurkiewicz
Electroprosumer energy platforms

 

POWER ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION COMPANIES

AKTYWIZACJA Spółdzielnia Pracy
Where voltages reach thousands of volts, safety is not an option, but an absolute must

 

Sylwester Kalisz, Marek Pronobis, Józef Sołtys
Proposal to supplement the NPS with energy from Agro biomas

Józef Chmiel
Current’s Physical Components (CPC) – power theory based on the concept of physical components of current, past state, present state and what next?

Jerzy Piotr Bednarek
The project of building the Central Communication Port (CPK)

 

THROUGH THE EYE OF A WORLD TRAVELER

Stefan Gierlotka
Cuba and the electrics

 

 

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SUMMARIES

 

Grzegorz Popczyk
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR POLAND AND THE WORLD
Energy transition to electroprosumerism
Let us rebuild the current system and make it better! For everyone. The article is an attempt at highlighting the key points (benefits) and making a convincing case for energy transition to electroprosumerism – a model that is based on decentralized infrastructure and renewable energy sources, electroprosumers, efficiency (exergy) and innovative techniques, including virtualization. Electroprosumerism is a sustainable, progressive, modern approach intended to benefit 99.9% of the society (instead of 0.1%): by lowering the financial and environmental costs of energy for end users, through engagement and involvement in local energy projects (offering potential solutions to many social issues) and by increasing our autonomy and resilience (a key point or lesson from the recent events and situation in Ukraine). This article is addressed not just to energy professionals but also a wider audience – energy transition is our great chance and it is crucial to take advantage of this opportunity. Therefore educating and increasing competences and skills related to energy should be our major focus. The article describes selected aspects of the concept, the complete White Paper on energy transition to electroprosumerism is available on the website of the Polish Senate [1].

 

Marcin Fice, Danuta Komenda
Carbon footprint of urban bus fleet modernization to battery electric and hydrogen vehicles
The carbon footprint is a key indicator for assessing the environmental impact of a product or service, encompassing greenhouse gas emissions throughout the entire life cycle, not just the direct carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles. The analysis considers major greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are particularly relevant in the transport sector. This article presents the results of a carbon footprint assessment of municipal transport services in Wodzisław Śląski, conducted in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol guidelines. The study covers both the existing diesel-powered bus fleet and scenarios for its modernization to battery-electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. The calculations include direct emissions (Scope 1), indirect emissions from purchased electricity (Scope 2), and other indirect emissions (Scope 3) such as emissions related to the production of vehicle components, sources of fuels and energy, and the operational activities of the transport company. The results indicate that the total carbon footprint is highly dependent on the origin of the fuel and energy used. In the analyzed case, so-called “zero-emission” transport may result in a higher carbon footprint compared to conventional diesel-powered vehicles, particularly if the electricity or hydrogen is derived from non-renewable sources. Moreover, battery production can significantly increase total greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment was based on data from several dozen scientific sources and real-world tests of buses, including manufacturer data. The analysis also highlights that carbon footprint results may vary depending on the data sources and assumptions applied.

 

Krzysztof Bodzek, Arkadiusz Domoracki, Przemysław Papiernik, Jesica Ponichtera, Paweł Styra, Błażej Brudny, Aleksander Jaros
Distributed control system based on Siemens S7-1200 controller and Eaton DE1 frequency converter
Presented is a concept and realization of a distributed electric drive control systems with the use of Siemens S7-1200 controllers and Eaton DE1 frequency converters. The system was designed according to the Industry 4.0 idea as a modular and scalable architecture enabling autonomous control of the local technology work stations and their integration into a network with superior control and HMI visualisation. The key element was elaboration of DE1_MODBUS_RTU universal communication library that uses Modbus RTU protocol to control and diagnose the inverter. The system was laboratory-tested considering drives synchronization, error resistance and ability to diagnose and visualise operational parameters. The project was realised within the Project Based Learning methodology enabling students to acquire practical competences in the scope of programming PLC controllers, integration of industrial communication, designing of distributed systems and digital diagnostics. Presented solution is applicable not only in the industrial automation but also in modern power structures in keeping with the needs of energy transition and technical infrastructure digitalization.

 

Andrzej Jurkiewicz
Electroprosumer energy platforms
Presented is the comparison of three variants of a housing estate construction in respect of investment expenditures, operating costs and the Simple Pay-Back Time (SPBT). Analysed variants comprise two types of approach: a traditional one (energy supply from district heating network or gas-fired boiler rooms) and an innovative variant WII-EPE based on the local CHP plant with renewable energy sources, energy storage facility and the energy management system. Despite the highest investment expenditures (17,46 mln zł, 582 zł/m²) the variant WII-EPE shows definitely the lowest operating costs – even over 3,2 mln zł lower in a yearly scale in comparison with the variant WI and 2,5 mln zł lower than the variant WIII. Simple Pay-Back Time of additional outlays is 4,26 years (compared to WI) and 5,46 years (compared to WIII) respectively that shows high profitability of this model under current market conditions. Additional benefits in the form of higher RES energy self-consumption, reduced EP and EK indicators and ability to generate revenues from electromobility and energy balancing make the variant EPE to be the most effective and future-oriented solution from an economic, environmental and social perspective.

 

Sylwester Kalisz, Marek Pronobis, Józef Sołtys
Proposal to supplement the NPS with energy from Agro biomass
The task of the National Power System (NPS) is to ensure sufficiently high and available electricity supplies in the transition period of abandoning coal and other fossil fuels. Currently, in Poland there has been a significant growth in generating capacity in photovoltaics (PV) and in wind farms (WF), thanks to which the share of these renewable energy sources (RES) in energy generation has significantly increased. However, these RES are not fully available, which means that for the security of the NPS, still the capacity installed in high-availability sources, such as classic fuel-burning and nuclear power plants, is needed. Until the energy storage capacity reaches a level that ensures the security of the NPS, both PV and WF must be supported by these thermal power plants. Consequently, the amount of capacity installed in these RES is irrelevant, as it is not able to ensure full availability of energy supplies throughout the year. However, energy produced in fossil fuel power plants is not green – its carbon footprint is unacceptable. Until nuclear power plants appear in Poland, the only renewable source that meets the criterion of full availability are biomass power plants. However, they should not be fueled with forestry biomass, since its wider use reduces the intrinsic CO2 absorption capacity of the forests. What remains at our disposal is Agro biomass produced specifically for energy purposes, preferably on land of low quality. This work analyzes the possibility of supplementing the Polish NPS with energy from Agro biomass, pointing out that excessive development of PV and WF not only generates high costs, but also will lead to a collapse in energy supplies in the period before the launch of nuclear sources. The alternative is the need to continue burning fossil fuels in power plants, which is difficult to accept for both ecological and economic reasons.

 

Józef Chmiel
Current’s Physical Components (CPC) – power theory based on the concept of physical components of current, past state, present state and what next?
The article analyzes the main properties of the CPC power theory, its origins and development. It explains why it is controversial and attempts to answer the question – does it still arouse controversy? Is the question in the title „…what next” a valid question, or have all the issues related to power theory been exhausted? This primarily concerns understanding the energy properites of electrical circuits with non-sinusoidal waveforms.

 

Jerzy Piotr Bednarek
The project of building the Central Communication Port (CPK)
The article describes the project of building the Central Communication Port, which provides for a relatively cheap and modern construction, taking into account the symbolism of Solidarity and the characteristics of the climate in Poland, while maintaining world standards and architecture at the highest level. The project is currently the only comprehensive development of the CPK consistent with Polish and international standards. The designed airport is one of the best and largest in the world.