April 2022, Issue 4 (814)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Jakub Bernatt, Stanisław Gawron, Tadeusz Glinka, Artur Polak
On-line diagnostics of HV bushings

Mariusz Niekurzak
Development Directions of Low and Zero Emission Sources in the Transformation of the Energy Sector in Poland Based on the Scenario Method Based on Intuitive Logic

 

POWER ENGINEERING AND NUCLEAR POWER

Krzysztof Rzymkowski
Protection of it systems in nuclear facilities

 

POWER ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION COMPANIES

Przemysław Sękowski
Clean air instead of SF₆ – innovative switchgear SM AirSeT from Schneider Electric

 

Wojciech Radomski, Marek Orłowski
Rozstrzygnięto Konkurs Osobowość Roku 2021

 

POLISH POWER ENGINEERS

Iwona Gajdowa
MSc. Jerzy Kurzak (October 9, 1947 – December 28, 2021)

 

POWER ENGINEERING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION

Robert Ziemba
Calculations of earthing parameters for the needs of lightning protection systems

Renata Markowska, Zofia Wróbel
Safe operation of railway traffic control (SRK) devices and the risk of damages caused by atmospheric discharges

 

 

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SUMMARIES

 

Jakub Bernatt, Stanisław Gawron, Tadeusz Glinka, Artur Polak
On-line diagnostics of HV bushings
The construction of a bushing with a paper-oil insulation placed in a porcelain cylinder is presented. After many years of operation, partial discharges in the insulation system cause carbonization of the inner layers of the paper. If insulation degradation is not noticed and the insulator is not replaced, it results in a short circuit on the insulator and an insulator fire, and sometimes a transformer fire. The standard diagnostic parameter used on-line is the measurement of tgδ between the measuring point P and the flange K. It has been shown that tgδ does not sufficiently inform about the technical condition of the bushing. The recommended on-line diagnostic parameter of the insulator is the leakage current I measured in the circuit of resistance Rm connected between points P-K. It is advantageous to sum the current signals from the insulators of the three phases. Adding up should be done on a transformer. Measurement of the summary current I0 is simple to implement and free from interferences.
Keywords: bushing, tgδ, leakage current

 

Mariusz Niekurzak
Development Directions of Low and Zero Emission Sources in the Transformation of the Energy Sector in Poland Based on the Scenario Method Based on Intuitive Logic
Each country creates its own scenarios for the development of the energy sector, which aim to identify different directions of development that are feasible and, moreover, support the formulated policy objectives. Therefore, the aim of the article is to analyze the economic, social and environmental effects of three different scenarios for the development of the energy sector in Poland. Each of them assumes basing the sector on a different mix of generation sources – from the dominance of coal-fired power plants, through diversification with the participation of nuclear energy, to the dominance of renewable energy sources (RES). The author reviewed possible options for the development of the Polish energy sector based on the draft Polish energy policy prepared by the government administration. The article estimated the potential for the use of domestic energy carriers until 2050 and compared the impact of each of the three scenarios on the country’s energy security and economy based on the strategic document of Poland’s Energy Policy. The text is an attempt of a critical assessment of opportunities and threats related to the possible implementation of individual scenarios and the scale of necessary investments. The results can serve as a starting point for understanding Poland’s restraint in achieving zero emissions and contribute to the discussion about the direction of development of the Polish energy sector.
Słowa kluczowe: renewable energy sources, energy transformation, greenhouse gases, energy policy, nuclear energy

 

Krzysztof Rzymkowski
Protection of it systems in nuclear facilities
The article presents basic indications of IT protection in nuclear facilities. Nuclear safeguard is based on coordination of multiple security systems: physical protection, identifying potential dangers and subsequent data analysis, direct IT security systems, choice and training of staff. Dynamic development of IT, soft and hardware, in particular its minutaristion enforce continual modernisation effort on part of their users.
Keywords: nuclear facilities, protection of IT systems, protection of information

 

Robert Ziemba
Calculations of earthing parameters for the needs of lightning protection systems
Described are simulation tests of earthing electrode systems with paying special attention to the effect of their apparent shortening in conditions of fast current changes. Ability to determine effective dimensions of earthing electrodes is important from the point of view of designing efficient and economically justified lightning protection equipment. The used in the article relatively slow current surge, corresponding with the first main positive discharge in a lightning stroke, enabled to determine the nature of phenomena occurring during fast current changes and – at the same time – it made possible shortening of the time destined to computer calculations. Ascertained is that for proper assessment of risks endangering technical appliances one should carry out – during the designing process of a lightning protection system – the full time and frequency analysis of this system taking into account the assumed limit parameters of the lightning current that can flow into its elements including its earthing system.
Keywords: lightning protection system, earthing electrode systems, calculations of lightning current parameters

 

Renata Markowska, Zofia Wróbel
Safe operation of railway traffic control (SRK) devices and the risk of damages caused by atmospheric discharges
Presented are results of risk analysis of losses caused by atmospheric discharges for a facility equipped with SRK digital devices. Indicated is the necessity to carry out the risk analysis. Calculations were conducted with the help of the authors’ own spreadsheet adapting the risk management procedure according to PN-EN 62305-2:2012 for railway facilities. Analysed is the risk of lightning losses together with various methods to lower this risk with the use of protection measures in form of surge arresters and copper cabling shielding as well as through application of fiber optic cabling. Solutions of lightning discharge protection applied for the considered cases of copper and fibre optic cabling can be regarded as functionally equivalent. Decision to choose fibre optic cabling should be taken on the basis of its other significant advantages and economic calculations.
Keywords: railway traffic control devices, safe operation, solutions for protection against lightning discharge results